In Italy, August means empty streets, closed businesses, and cities at a near standstill. From banks to restaurants, many establishments suspend their activities for two to four weeks.
The custom, which may surprise foreigners, is the result of a combination of historical, climatic and trade union factors that have shaped Italian culture over the centuries.
Tradition that comes from the Roman Empire
The practice of August vacations dates back to the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. He instituted a period of rest after the harvest, called Feriae Augusti, for field workers and laborers.
Over time, the tradition survived the fall of the Roman Empire and was adapted by Christianity, which incorporated religious celebrations, such as the Assumption of Mary, celebrated on August 15 (Ferragosto).
During the 20th century, the fascist regime reinforced the culture of collective vacations. Benito Mussolini made the month official as a mandatory break for workers and farmers, strengthening the notion of rest as a worker's right.
Extreme heat and labor agreements
Besides the cultural heritage, the climate also contributes. August is the hottest month of the year in Italy, with temperatures between 35°C and 40°C in several regions. This makes outdoor work impossible and reinforces the need for breaks, especially in physically demanding jobs.
Another essential factor is the Italian unions, among the strongest in Europe. After World War II, these bodies won broad labor rights, including extended vacation provided for in collective agreements. In some public sectors, offices are legally allowed to close for up to three consecutive weeks.
In many cases, workers can't even choose to work during this period, even if they want to. The break is collective and mandatory.
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